讀者問禢中怡在旺市時,應該採取怎樣的投資態度。要贏錢,需要有耐性以及眼光。耐性可能不少人也有,尤其是對於那些業績不斷轉壞,股價跟隨下跌的公司。最重要的問題是,如何才可以選擇一些好公司呢? 無可否認,請教專業人士有一定幫助,但作為一般投資者亦可從日常生活當中取得一些靈感。
在這一方面,最著名的應是彼得林治。被稱為「股仙」的彼得林治(Peter Lynch),出生於1944年,畢業於波士頓大學(Boston University),其後在沃頓商學院(The Wharton School)取得了MBA學位。他在大學year 2已嶄露頭角,第一次買股票,就在短短兩年獲利近5倍。1966年,他開始在富達公司(Fidelity)實習,其後晉身為股票分析員,至1977年,他接管了富達麥哲倫基金(Magellan Fund),開始其基金經理生涯。 令人津津樂道的是,彼得林治成為麥哲倫基金經理人後,在其後13年(即至他在1990年46歲退休時),把該基金的管理資產由2,000萬美元增長至140億美元,創造出驚人的2,700%報酬率。彼得林治的選股能力超群,而他認為投資機會其實隨處可見,那怕是外行人,只要細心觀察四周,隨時可比專家更早發現那些潛力極大的公司。
Tenbaggers這個名詞(即上升10倍的股票),大家應該耳熟能詳。在《One Up on Wall Street》中,他指出最佳的地方尋找這些Tenbaggers便是在屋企附近。原因很簡單,你看見那件產品受歡迎,又或是那個商場生意理想,這些公司的業績自然不會太差,而且這些公司的架構一般較為簡單以及易於分析。舉個例,莎莎(178)的店內與店外皆人來人往(店內全是女人,大批男人則在店外等候),自由行不容否認是一個推動力,但其業績亦在沙士後大升,直至最近受到租金壓力影響業績才下滑。另一個例子,可能不少人也擁有一對或以上的Converse,這個牌子不少年輕人也愛穿。既然不少人買,替這個品牌製造Converse產品的亦應會受惠。結果當年持有Converse的新灃(1223)(現時Converse仍然為大客戶) 過去幾年業績亦翻幾番,早前出售部分Converse股權予Nike亦獲利不少。
吉之島(984)亦是另一個例子。雖然這間公司管理層一向低調,但生意好不好大家可以親身視察。公司早前業績,05年純利為1.24億元,營業額55億元,代表邊際利潤2.3%。連霍大班亦指百佳生意難做,在同業宣稱接近連錢都冇得賺的情況下,吉之島可以交出功課已算不俗。
更重要的,在於一種經營態度,禢中怡在吉之島裡,仍然能從種種的細節中,找到那點點「日本服務文化」。記憶中,有一次想買炭燒咖啡,在吉之島的貨架上,排得密密麻麻,有些牌子更冷門得可以,禢中怡相信,睇的人多,但真正會買的又究竟有幾多呢?在香港舖租奇高的情況下,貨品的銷量多少永遠是「一般超市」的主要考慮,久而久之,只有願意大肆宣傳的大品牌,才能穩佔超市貨架上一席位,這種商業文化的後遺症,就是單一、單調、單向的生活模式,市民的生活品味受到局限。正如另一家高價超市City’super,擺明賣冷門貨品,而且價格偏高,不過仍然不乏捧場客,City’super店舖的數量相對於超市來說,可謂天淵之別,不知道這是否消費者對一般超市的一種無聲抗議吧。但從這些觀察而言,就不難明白吉之島及City’super的生存之道了。
另一方面,吉之島令人意外的是公司在控制成本方面,租金支出佔營業額由7.9%減至7%,員工支出則由8.8%減至8.2%。雖然康怡已於去年續租,而部分十元廣場亦需要支付更高租金,但相信對集團的影響亦不致很大。中國市場方面,由於需要開設更多店舖,順德的購物商場亦將於年內開幕,去年因此錄得虧損510萬元,較中期時已有所收窄。如果你有到過廣州中華廣場的分店,可能亦可以感受一下集團的生意如何。
如果今年純利上升10%,市盈率大約是16倍。以零售股而言,現價其實不算昂貴。公司的理念是令顧客的生活日趨完善,體現集團一直以來堅持的傳統及使命。實情是否這樣,相信到過吉之島的讀者心中已有答案。
和黃財技係有一手
和黃(013)真是厲害,要學做deal的進階技巧,並不需要CFA又或是甚麼金融碩士,看看這間電訊加基建零售商近幾年所出售的資產便可。和記將出售和記黃埔港口集團及Hutchison Ports Investments各20%權益和債務予新加坡港務局(PSA),作價43.88億美元。交易完成後,和黃將可獲得243.8億港元的特殊收益。其實這已不是和黃與PSA的首次合作,去年和黃已出售了國際貨櫃碼頭10%權益以及中遠國際貨櫃碼頭20%權益予PSA。
由賣橙開始,和黃清楚知道靠財技可製造更多財富。當然,這不是說和黃單單是靠財技,最重要還是公司本身的業務做得不俗,不然買家亦不願意以高價購入。是次作價代表其港口業務值1,711億港元,較其市值的一半還要多。去年和黃港口業務的EBIT按年上升14%至102億元,收購價大約等於16.8倍EBIT。如果去年的增長可以持續的話,作價其實亦不算很昂貴。由於和黃在國內的政治地位,相信集團在收購國內業務方面應可爭取到更佳的條件,而明顯地國內的港口增長亦較高。不過,對投資者而言,是次交易的確是一個不錯的價值指標,難怪其ADR亦已升至79元。
除了港口以及電訊,和黃還有物業發展以及酒店。這些業務現時的規模雖然不及港口以及電訊,不過亦有重要意義。和黃擁有土地儲備高達6,800萬平方呎,大部分在內地,而且是在重要地點。這會是未來的動力之一。從另一角度看,由於集團的負債不低,主要是為3G再投資,現金流一直是投資者最關心的地方。零售以及港口基建業務一直為集團帶來強勁的現金流,因此集團在貸款方面的條款亦較佳,這亦容許集團繼續融資3G這個黑洞。不過,現時集團連王牌的港口業務亦願意出售,亦令人擔心3G的情況是否十分險峻。誠哥年事不低,這一鋪雖然賭注太大,但錯了亦唯有繼續做。雖然出售的溢利已足夠抵銷3G一年的虧損,帳目亦再被美化,但始終3G是否可以取得收支平衡才是最重要的長線考慮。
(24-04-06 刊於《am730》)
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